diff --git a/src/session.rs b/src/session.rs
index 99009a7..e9e57df 100644
--- a/src/session.rs
+++ b/src/session.rs
@@ -340,6 +340,12 @@ fn hydrate_session(
                         record.sequence
                     ));
                 }
+                if runtime_state != RuntimeState::Planning {
+                    return Err(anyhow!(
+                        "commitment activation requires planning runtime at sequence {}",
+                        record.sequence
+                    ));
+                }
                 if record.runtime_state != RuntimeState::Active {
                     return Err(anyhow!(
                         "commitment activation runtime mismatch at sequence {}",
@@ -951,7 +957,48 @@ mod tests {
         let err = SessionController::new(&path)
             .expect_err("standalone commitment without policy must be rejected");
 
-        assert!(error_chain_contains(&err, "active policy"));
+        assert!(error_chain_contains(&err, "planning"));
+        fs::remove_file(path).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_commitment_created_before_planning_transition_on_replay() {
+        let path = temp_log_path("commitment-before-planning");
+        let commitment_id = "commitment-test";
+        {
+            let mut log = EventLog::open(&path).unwrap();
+            log.append_batch([
+                PendingEventRecord {
+                    event_type: EventType::CommitmentCreated,
+                    runtime_state: RuntimeState::Active,
+                    commitment_id: Some(commitment_id.to_string()),
+                    payload_json: commitment_payload(commitment_id, CommitmentState::Active),
+                },
+                PendingEventRecord {
+                    event_type: EventType::RuntimeTransition,
+                    runtime_state: RuntimeState::Planning,
+                    commitment_id: None,
+                    payload_json: json!({
+                        "schema_version": POLICY_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+                        "action": "enter_planning",
+                        "from": "locked",
+                        "to": "planning",
+                    }),
+                },
+                PendingEventRecord {
+                    event_type: EventType::PolicyApplied,
+                    runtime_state: RuntimeState::Active,
+                    commitment_id: Some(commitment_id.to_string()),
+                    payload_json: policy_payload(commitment_id),
+                },
+            ])
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let err = SessionController::new(&path)
+            .expect_err("commitment activation before planning must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(error_chain_contains(&err, "planning"));
         fs::remove_file(path).unwrap();
     }